Anche se non sono sicuro di cosa significhi "problematico" in questo contesto, ecco la query riscritta come un semplice LEFT JOIN
con una sottoquery solo per ottenere la classifica alla fine (il ORDER BY
da fare prima della graduatoria);
SELECT user_id, score, @rank := @rank + 1 AS rank FROM
(
SELECT u.user_id, u.score
FROM user_score u
LEFT JOIN user_score u2
ON u.user_id=u2.user_id
AND u.`timestamp` < u2.`timestamp`
WHERE u2.`timestamp` IS NULL
ORDER BY u.score DESC
) zz, (SELECT @rank := 0) z;
Un SQLfiddle con cui testare .
EDIT:per tenere conto di group_id, dovrai estendere leggermente la query;
SELECT user_id, score, @rank := @rank + 1 AS rank FROM
(
SELECT u.user_id, u.score
FROM user_score u
LEFT JOIN user_score u2
ON u.user_id=u2.user_id
AND u.group_id = u2.group_id -- u and u2 have the same group
AND u.`timestamp` < u2.`timestamp`
WHERE u2.`timestamp` IS NULL
AND u.group_id = 1 -- ...and that group is group 1
ORDER BY u.score DESC
) zz, (SELECT @rank := 0) z;