L'errore è di Postgres non di Django. Puoi riscriverlo come:
WITH v_table_name AS
(
SELECT row_number() over (partition by col2 order by col3) AS rn, primary_key
FROM table_name
)
UPDATE table_name set table_name.col1 = v_table_name.rn
FROM v_table_name
WHERE table_name.primary_key = v_table_name.primary_key;
O in alternativa:
UPDATE table_name set table_name.col1 = v_table_name.rn
FROM
(
SELECT row_number() over (partition by col2 order by col3) AS rn, primary_key
FROM table_name
) AS v_table_name
WHERE table_name.primary_key = v_table_name.primary_key;
Questo funziona. L'ho appena testato su Postgres-9.6. Ecco la sintassi per UPDATE (vedi il fromlist facoltativo ).
Spero che questo aiuti.