Crea la query interna:
select a_id, dbms_random.value() rnd from tableA order by rnd
e quindi nella query esterna seleziona 100 righe in un colpo, con rownum <= 100
.
Così:
insert into tableX
select
rownum,
round(dbms_random.value(100,999), 0),
a_id
from
(
SELECT a_id, dbms_random.value() rnd
FROM tableA
ORDER BY rnd
)
where rownum <= 100;